Storia
Cenni storici
La Conca di Amatrice deve essere stata frequentata sin dall’età protostorica. Il fatto di trovarsi lungo il tracciato della Via Salaria spiega come la conca fosse abitata continuativamente dall’epoca preromana. All’epoca romana risalgono resti di edifici e tombe rinvenute in diverse zone del territorio. In effetti, secondo la tradizione, la città di “Summa Villarum” trasmise il proprio nome, nell’epoca di mezzo, a tutta l’area, che nel VI secolo fu annessa al Ducato di Spoleto.
Nel Regesto di Farfa sono ricordati, per il periodo che va dalla metà dell’VIII secolo agli inizi del XII, i nomi di molte località e villaggi dell’attuale comune e, tra essi, nel 1012, anche quello di Matrice, ricordato ancora nel 1037 nel diploma con cui l’imperatore Corrado II conferma al Vescovo di Ascoli i suoi possedimenti. Solo intorno al 1265, al tempo del re Manfredi di Svevia, Amatrice entra a far parte definitivamente del Regno di Napoli. La città non volle sottostare al dominio angioino e anzi, più volte, si ribellò apertamente. Nel 1271 e nel 1274 Carlo d’Angiò inviò degli eserciti per debellare la resistenza degli amatriciani e ridurre la città all’obbedienza. |
Contemporaneamente si assiste alla scomparsa dei baroni e alla formazione, con a capo Amatrice, della “Universitas”, cioè del “comune” in territorio liberamente organizzato, relativamente autonomo dal potere centrale, che si governa tramite un parlamento. In questo periodo l’influenza della città si estende su un territorio che va da Campotosto sino ai confini di Cittareale, ma anche su molti castelli e villaggi sul versante teramano. Nei secoli XIV e XV Amatrice è in continua lotta con le città e i castelli circostanti, per questioni di confine e di prestigio. Sono rimasti famosi i conflitti con Norcia, Arquata, L’Aquila. Tradizionale alleata di Amatrice fu la città di Ascoli. |
Bibliografia:
– “Amatrice e le sue ville”, Andrea Massimi, 1958 (disponibile nelle edicole e in Pro-Loco la ristampa del 2001).
– “Amatrice – Dagli angioini agli aragonesi, monografia storico-araldica di un antico comune”, Carlo Blasetti – Luigi Aquilini, 2004 (disponibile nelle edicole e nella Pro-Loco)
– “Carlo V – Alessandro Vitelli, Il Feudo di Amatrice”, di Don Luigi Aquilini, 1999 (disponibile nelle edicole e nella Pro-Loco)
– Articoli vari sulla storia, l’arte e le tradizioni di Amatrice si possono trovare sul bimestrale “Fidelis Amatrix” edito dall’Associazione Culturale “Cola dell’Amatrice”.
The Amatrice basin must have been populated as far back as the protohistoric age. The fact that it is located along the via Salaria trail explains why the basin has been continuously inhabited since pre-Roman times. The remains of buildings and tombs found in various parts of the area date back to the Roman era. In fact, tradition has it that during the Middle Ages, the city of Summa villarum provided the name for the entire area, which was then annexed by the Duchy of Spoleto in the 6th Century.
In the Public Register of Farfa there is a record for the period going from the middle of the 8th Century to the beginning of the 12th Century, which includes the names of many localities and villages which are part of the municipality today; among them, we find Matrice in 1012, which is again referenced in 1037 in the diploma with which the Emperor Corrado (Conrad) II confirmed the possessions of the Bishop of Ascoli. It was only in about 1265, at the time of the Manfredi Kings of Swabia, that Amatrice definitively became part of the Kingdom of Naples. The city did not want to submit to the Angevin domination, and in fact repeatedly openly rebelled against it. In 1271 and 1274, Charles of Anjou sent armies to put down the resistance of the Amatricians and force the city into submission. At the same time, the Barons disappeared and the Universitas was formed, with Amatrice at its head: this was the comune (city-republic) in a freely-organized territory that was relatively autonomous from the central power, and which governed itself through a Parliament. In this period, the city’s influence spread over an area that went from Campotosto to the borders of Cittareale, including many castles and villages on the Teramo side. In the 14th and 15th Centuries, Amatrice was constantly battling the surrounding cities and castles, over questions of borders and prestige. The conflicts with Norcia, Arquata, and L’Aquila became famous. The city of Ascoli was traditionally allied with Amatrice. The Amatricians took part, alongside the militias commanded by Braccio Fortebraccio da Montone, in the long siege of L’Aquila and the final battle of June 1424, which marked the defeat of Braccio, who died in battle. During the conflicts between the Angevins and the Aragons for the possession of the Kingdom of Naples, Amatrice steadfastly supported the latter, including during the war. The Aragonese sovereign Ferdinand, having put down the revolt of the Barons in 1485, rewarded Amatrice the following year by granting her the privilege of coining money with the motto “Fidelis Amatrix.” Nevertheless, in February 1529, after heroic resistance, the city was re-conquered and laid to waste by Charles V’s general Filiberto di Chalon. To punish the rebels, Charles V gave the State of Amatrice to one of his captains, Alessandro Vitelli, as a feud. Subsequently, despite continuing to be part of the Kingdom of Naples, between 1582 and 1692 Amatrice passed under the control of a branch of the Orsini family and then the Medici family of Florence, which kept the city until 1737. Finally, in 1759, the feud became part of the personal possessions of the King of Naples. Near the end of the 18th Century and for almost all of the 19th Century, the territory of Amatrice, like much of the Italian peninsula, was affected by the phenomenon of “banditry” for political and social motives. Amatrician patriots played an important role in the Italian Risorgimento, foremost among them Piersilvestro Leopardi, Don Giuseppe Minozzi and Don Nicola Rosei. Also from Amatrice, and specifically from the Preta hamlet, was Don Giovanni Minozzi, who after the First World War founded the Opera Nazionale per il Mezzogiorno d’Italia (National Institution for Southern Italy).
Bibliography:
– Amatrice e le sue ville, Andrea Massimi, 1958 (the 2001 reprint is available in newsstands and at the Pro-Loco).
– Amatrice – Dagli Anjouini agli aragonesi, monografia storico-araldica di un antico comune, Carlo Blasetti – Luigi Aquilini, 2004 (available in newsstands and at the Pro-Loco)
– Carlo V – Alessandro Vitelli, Il Feudo di Amatrice, di Don Luigi Aquilini, 1999 (available in newsstands and at the Pro-Loco)
– Various articles on the history, art and traditions of Amatrice can be found in the bi-monthly publication Fidelis Amatrix published by the Cultural Association Cola dell’Amatrice.